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Simona Jankowski - Investor Relations
Colette Kress - Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Jensen Huang - Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer
Vivek Arya - Bank of America - Analyst
Stacy Rasgon - Bernstein - Analyst
Matt Ramsay - Cowen - Analyst
C.J. Muse - Evercore - Analyst
Harlan Sur - JPMorgan - Analyst
Aaron Rakers - Wells Fargo Securities - Analyst
John Pitzer - Credit Suisse - Analyst
Chris Caso - Raymond James - Analyst
William Stein - Truist Securities - Analyst
Operator
Good afternoon. My name is Mel and I will be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to the NVIDIA's Second Quarter Earnings Call. [Operator Instructions] Thank you.
Simona Jankowski, you may begin your conference.
Simona Jankowski - Investor Relations
Thank you. Good afternoon, everyone. And welcome to NVIDIA's conference call for the second quarter of fiscal 2022. With me today from NVIDIA are Jensen Huang, President and Chief Executive Officer; and Colette Kress, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer.
I'd like to remind you that our call is being webcast live on NVIDIA's Investor Relations website. The webcast will be available for replay until the conference call to discuss our financial results for the third quarter of fiscal 2022. The content of today's call is NVIDIA's property. It can't be reproduced or transcribed without our prior written consent.
During this call, we may make forward-looking statements based on current expectations. These are subject to a number of significant risks and uncertainties and our actual results may differ materially. For a discussion of factors that could affect our future financial results and business, please refer to the disclosure in today's earnings release, our most recent forms 10-K and 10-Q and the reports that we may file on Form 8-K with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
All our statements are made as of today, August 18, 2021 based on information currently available to us. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update any such statements. During this call, we will discuss non-GAAP financial measures. You can find a reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to GAAP financial measures in our CFO commentary, which is posted on our website.
With that, let me turn the call over to Colette.
Colette Kress - Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thanks, Simona. Q2 was another strong quarter with revenue of $6.5 billion and year-on-year growth of 68%. We set records for total revenue as well as for Gaming, Data Center and Professional Visualization.
Starting with Gaming, revenue was $3.1 billion was up 11% sequentially and up 85% from a year earlier. Demand remained exceptionally strong, outpacing supply. We are now four quarters into Ampere architecture product cycle for gaming and it continues to be our best ever.
At COMPUTEX in June, we announced two powerful new GPUs for gamers and creators, the GeForce RTX 3080 Ti and RTX 3070 Ti, delivering 50% faster performance than their prior generation with acclaimed features such as real-time ray tracing, NVIDIA DLSS, AI Rendering, Reflex and Broadcast. Laptop demand was also very strong. OEMs adopted Ampere architecture GPUs in a record number of designs. From the top of the line gaming laptops to those through mainstream price points as low as $799, that bring the power of GeForce CPUs to gamers, students and creators on the go.
Ampere architecture-powered laptops feature our third-generation Max-Q power optimization technology that enables ultra-thin designs such as the new Alienware x15, the world's most powerful sub-60 millimeter gaming laptop. NVIDIA RTX technology has reset computer graphics and spurred our biggest ever refresh cycle. Ampere has been our fastest ramping gaming GPU architecture on Steam and the combination of Turing and Ampere RTX GPUs have only upgraded about 20% of our installed base. 80% have yet to upgrade to RTX.
And the audience for global esports will soon approach 0.5 billion people, while the number of those who live stream games is expected to reach over 700 million. The number of PC gamers on Steam is up almost 20% over the past year. More than 60 RTX games now support NVIDIA's RTX ray tracing DLSS, including today's biggest game franchises such as Minecraft, Fortnite and Cyberpunk. New RTX games this quarter include Red Dead Redemption 2, one of the top-rated games of all-time, popular titles like Rainbow Six Siege and Rushed and Minecraft RTX in China with over 400 million players.
The competitive gamers, NVIDIA Reflex, which include latency is now supported by 20 games. Let me say a few words on cryptocurrency mining. In an effort to address the needs of miners and direct GeForce to gamers, we increased the supply of cryptocurrency mining processors, or CMP, and introduced low hash rate GeForce GPUs with limited Ethereum mining capability. Over 80% of our Ampere architecture-based GeForce shipments in the quarter were both hash rate GPUs. The combination of crypto to gaming revenue is difficult to quantify.
CMP revenue, which is recognized in OEM, was $266 million, lower than our original $400 million estimate on reduced mining profitability and we expect a minimal contribution from CMP going forward. GeForce NOW reached a new milestone this quarter surpassing 1,000 PC games, more than any other cloud gaming service. The premium tier is available for a subscription of $10 per month, giving gamers access to RTX class performance even on an underpowered PC, Mac, Chromebook, IOS or Android device.
Moving to Pro Visualization. Q2 revenue was a record $519 million, up 40% sequentially and up 156% year-on-year. Strong sequential revenue growth was led by desktop workstations, driven by demand to outfit design offices at home as remote work becomes the norm across industries. This is also the first big quarter of the Ampere architecture ramp for pro visualization. Key verticals driving Q2 demand include automotive, public sector and healthcare.
At Scene Graph, last week we announced an expansion of NVIDIA Omniverse, our simulation and collaboration platform that provides the foundation of the metaverse. Through the new integrations with Blender, the world's leading open source 3D animation tool; and Adobe, we're opening the Omniverse platform to millions of additional users.
We are also collaborating with Apple and Pixar to bring advanced physics capabilities to Pixar's Universal Scene Description framework, embracing open standards to provide 3D workflows to billions of devices. Omniverse Enterprise software is in the early access stage and will be generally available later this year on a subscription basis from NVIDIA's partners, including Dell, HP, Lenovo and many others. Over 500 companies are evaluating Omniverse Enterprise, including BMW, Volvo and Lockheed Martin. And more than 50,000 individual creators have downloaded Omniverse since it entered open beta in December.
Moving to automotive. Our Q2 revenue was $152 million, down 1% sequentially and up 3% year-on-year. Sequential revenue declines in infotainment were largely offset by growth in self-driving. Looking further out, we have substantial design wins set to ramp that we expect will drive a major inflection in revenue in the coming years. This quarter, we announced several additional wins. Self-driving startup AutoX unveiled its latest autonomous driving platform for robotaxis powered by NVIDIA DRIVE. The performance and safe capabilities of the software-defined NVIDIA DRIVE platform has enabled AutoX to become one of the first companies in the world to provide full self-driving mobility services without the need for a safety driver.
In autonomous trucking, DRIVE ecosystem partner, Plus, signed a deal with Amazon to provide at least 1,000 self-driving systems to Amazon's fleet of delivery vehicles. The systems are powered by NVIDIA DRIVE for high performance, energy efficient and centralized AI compute. An autonomous trucking startup, Embark, is building on NVIDIA DRIVE. The system is being developed for trucks for four major OEMs; Freightliner, Navistar International, PACCAR and Volvo, representing the vast majority of the Class 8 or largest size trucks in the US.
The NVIDIA DRIVE platform is being rapidly adopted across the transportation industry from passenger-owned vehicles to robotaxi, to trucking and delivery vehicles. We believe everything that moves will be autonomous some day.
Moving to Data Center. Revenue of $2.4 billion, grew 16% sequentially and 35% from the year ago quarter - the year ago quarter, which was our first quarter to include Mellanox. Growth was driven by both hyperscale customers and vertical industries, each of which has record revenues. Our flagship A100 continue to ramp across hyperscale and cloud computing customers with Microsoft Azure announcing general availability in June, following AWS and Google Cloud Platforms general availability in prior quarters.
Vertical industry demand was strong with sequential growth led by financial services, supercomputing and telecom customers. We also had exceptional growth in inference, which reached a record more than doubling year-on-year. Revenue from inference focused processors includes the new A30 GPU, which provides 4 times the inference performance of the T4. Customers are also turning to NVIDIA GPUs to take AI to production and shifting from CPUs to GPUs, driven by the stringent performance latency and cost requirements of deploying and scaling deep learning AI workloads.
NVIDIA's networking products posted solid results. We see momentum across regions driven by our technology leadership with upgrades to high speed products such as ConnectX-6 as well as new customer wins across cloud, service providers, enterprise and high performance computing. We extended our leadership in supercomputing, the latest TOP500 list shows that NVIDIA technologies power 342 of the world's Top 500 supercomputers, including 70% of all new systems and eight of the Top 10 to help companies harness the new industrial high performance computing application. We delivered a turnkey AI data center solution with the NVIDIA DGX SuperPOD, the same technology that powers our new Cambridge-1 supercomputer in the UK and a number of others in the top 500.
We expanded our AI software and subscription offerings, making it easier for enterprises to adopt AI from the initial development stage through to deployment and operations. We announced NVIDIA Base Command, our Software-as-a-Service offering for operating and managing large scale multi-user and multi-team AI development workloads on DGX SuperPOD. Base Command is the operating and management system software for distributed training customers.
We also announced general availability of NVIDIA Fleet Command, our managed edge AI Software-as-a-Service offering to command help companies solve the problem of securely deploying and managing AI applications across thousands of remote locations, combining the efficiency and simplicity of central management with the cost performance and data sovereignty benefits of real-time processing at the edge.
Early adopters of Fleet Command include some of the world's leading retail, manufacturing and logistics companies and the specialty software companies that work with them. The new NVIDIA Base Command and Fleet Command software and subscription offerings followed last quarter's announcements of the NVIDIA AI Enterprise software suite, which is in early access with general availability expected soon.
Our enterprise software strategy is supported by the NVIDIA-Certified Systems program with server OEMs, which are bringing to market over 55 systems ready to run on NVIDIA's AI software out of the box to help enterprise simplify and accelerate their AI deployment.
The NVIDIA ecosystem keeps getting stronger. NVIDIA Inception, our acceleration platform for AI start-ups just surpassed 8,500 members. With cumulative funding of over $60 billion and numbers in 90 countries, Inception is one of the largest AI startup ecosystems in the world. CUDA C now has been downloaded 27 million times, since it launched 15 years ago, with 7 million in the last year alone. In terms of RT for Inference has been downloaded nearly 2.5 million times across more than 27,000 companies. And the total number of developers in the NVIDIA ecosystem now exceeds 2.6 million, up 4 times in the past four years.
Let me give you a quick update on Arm. In nearly one year since we initially agreed to combine with Arm, we have gotten to know the company, its business and its people much better. We believe more than ever in the power of our combination and the benefits it will deliver for Arm for the UK and for its customers across the world in the era of AI. Arm has great potential. We love their business model and committed to keep its open licensing approach. And with NVIDIA's scale and capabilities, Arm will make more embedded customers, while expanding into data center, IoT and other new markets.
NVIDIA Accelerated Computing, which starts with the CPU. Whatever new markets are open with the CPU and our accelerated computing opportunities, we've announced accelerated platforms for Amazon Graviton, Ampere Computing, MediaTek and Marvell, expanding cloud computing, AI, cloud gaming, supercomputing, edge AI to Chrome PCs. We plan to invest in the UK and we have with the Cambridge-1 supercomputer, and through Arm making UK a global center in science, technology and AI.
We are working through the regulatory process, although some Arm licensees have expressed concerns and objected to the transaction. And discussions with regulators are taking longer than initially thought. We are confident in the deal and that regulators should recognize the benefits of the acquisition to Arm, its licensees and the industry.
Moving to the rest of the P&L. GAAP gross margin of 64.8% for the second quarter was up 600 basis points from a year earlier, reflecting the absence of certain Mellanox acquisition-related costs. GAAP gross margins was up 70 basis points sequentially. Non-GAAP gross margins was 66.7%, up 70 basis points from a year earlier and up 50 basis points sequentially, reflecting higher ASPs within desktop, GeForce, GPUs and continued growth in high end Ampere architecture products, partially offset by a mix shift within data center. Q2 GAAP EPS was $0.94, up 276% from a year earlier. Non-GAAP EPS was $1.04, up 89% from a year earlier, adjusting for the 4-to-1 stock split effective this quarter, Q2 cash flow from operations was a record $2.7 billion.
Let me turn to the outlook for the third quarter of fiscal 2022. We expect another strong quarter with sequential growth driven largely by accelerating demand in data center. In addition, we expect sequential growth in each of our three other market platforms. Gaming demand is continuing to exceed supply as we expect channel inventories to remain below target levels as we exit Q3. The contribution of CMP to our revenue outlook is minimal. Revenue is expected to be $6.8 billion, plus or minus 2%.
GAAP and non-GAAP gross margins are expected to be 65.2% and 67% respectively, plus or minus 30 basis points. GAAP and non-GAAP operating expenses are expected to be approximately $1.96 billion and $1.37 billion respectively. GAAP and non-GAAP other income and expenses are both expected to be an expense of approximately $60 million, excluding gains and losses on equity securities. GAAP and non-GAAP taxes are supposed to be expected 11%, plus or minus 1%, excluding discrete items. Capital expenditures are expected to be approximately $200 million to $225 million.
Further financial details are included in the CFO commentary and other information available on our IR website.
In closing, let me highlight upcoming events for the financial community. We will be attending the following virtual events: the BMO Technology Summit on August 24; the New Street Big Ideas in Semiconductors Conference on September 9th; the Citi Global Tech Conference on September 13th; the Piper Sandler Global Technology Conference on September 14th; and the Evercore ISI Autotech & AI Forum on September 21st. Our earnings call to discuss the third quarter results is scheduled for Wednesday, November 17.
We will now open the call for questions. Operator, would you please poll for questions.
Operator
Thank you. [Operator Instructions] Your first question comes from the line of Vivek Arya of Bank of America. Your line is now open. You may ask your question.
Vivek Arya - Bank of America - Analyst
Thanks for taking my question. I actually had a near and longer-term question on the data center. I think near-term, you mentioned the possibility of accelerating data center growth from the 35% rate. I was hoping if you could give us some more color around that confidence and visibility? And then, longer term, Jensen, we have seen a lot of announcements from NVIDIA about your enterprise software opportunity. I honestly don't know how to model that. It sounds very promising, but how should be model it? What problem are you trying to solve? Is it cannibalizing demand you might have otherwise seen from your public cloud customers or is this incremental to grow? So just any guidance or any just insights into how to think about NVIDIA's enterprise software opportunity longer-term? Thank you.
Jensen Huang - Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, Vivek, thanks for the question. We are seeing accelerated - or as we've already reported that we have record revenues in both hyperscale cloud and industrial enterprise this last quarter. And we're seeing accelerated growth. The acceleration in hyperscale and cloud comes from the transition of the catalyst providers in taking their AI applications, which are now heavily deep learning driven into production. There were some of the things that we've spoken about in the past that we will make some very good ideal platform to scale out with.
And if my [Indecipherable] the several platforms - the several [Indecipherable] of our platform, number one, Ampere GPU, which is known Universal GPU for AI, for training, but incredibly good for Inference. It's terrific in its throughput, it's terrific in its fast response time as well. And therefore, the cost of deployment, the cost of operating in AI applications is the lowest.
The second is the introduction of Tensor RT, which is our optimizing compiler that makes it possible for us to compile and optimize any AI application to our GPUs. And whether its Computer Vision or Natural Language Understanding or Conversational AI, recommender systems, the type of applications that are deploying AI is normally quite vast.
And then lastly, software inference server that we have to call Triton, which supports every one of our GPUs, it supports GPUs as well as GPUs. So, every Internet Service Provider could operate their entire data center using Triton. These several things are really accelerating our growth, which is for the first element time, the deployment of transition of deep learning AI applications into large-scale deployment.
In the Enterprise, the application that is driving AI, as you know, every enterprise must be wants to move and raise towards being a tech company and take advantage of connected clouds and connected devices and artificial intelligence to achieve it. And we have an opportunity to deploy AI services out of the edge. And in order to do so, there are several things that has to happen; first, we have to create a computing platform that allows them to do training in the IT environment that they understand, which is a virtualized, which is largely managed by VMware. And our collaboration with VMware are creating a new type of systems that could be integrated in the enterprise has been quite a significant effort and it's in volume production today.
The second is a server that allows the enterprise customers to deploy their AI models out to the edge. And the AI engine through software suite that we've been developing over the last 10 years now have been integrated into this environment and allows the enterprises to basically run AI out of the box. There are three elements of our software products there. First is NVIDIA AI Enterprise, and that puts - that basically puts all of the state-of-the-art AI solvers and engines and libraries that we've industrialized and perfected over the years, made it available to Enterprise licence.
Second is a operating system platform called Base Command that allows for distributed scale software development in the - for our training and development models. And then, the third is Fleet Command, which is a operating system software product that lets you operate and deploy and manage the AI models out to the edge. These three software products, in combination with the server called NVIDIA-Certified, taken out through our network of partners is our strategy to accelerate the adoption of AI by the enterprise customers. And so, we are really enthusiastic about entering into the software business model. This is an opportunity that could represent, of course, tens of millions of servers. We believe all of them will be GPU accelerated. We believe that enterprises will be deploying and taking advantage of AI to revolutionize the industry and using quite a traditional enterprise software licensing business model. This could represent billions of dollars of business opportunity for us.
Operator
Thank you. Next question comes from the line of Stacy Rasgon of Bernstein. Your line is now open. You may ask your questions.
Stacy Rasgon - Bernstein - Analyst
Hi, guys. Thanks for taking my questions. I wanted to go back, collect the sequential guidance, you gave a little bit of color by segments. If I look at your gaming revenues, it's currently three quarters in a row you've been up, call it, ballpark 10% or 11%. And my understanding is that was sort of a function of your ability to bring on supply. So, I guess, what is the supply issue look like as you're going from Q2 into Q3? And do you think you can still maintain that kind of sequential growth or does it dial down, because I also need to - I also would say that we're going to other commentary suggesting that the sequential growth and I assume on the dollar basis was driven primarily by data centers. So, how do we think about the interplay within those comments sequential growth of gaming, especially given the trajectory is out of the last several quarters?
Colette Kress - Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. So let me start and I'll let Jensen add a bit, Stacy, to your question. Just for providing the guidance for Q3 of $6.8 billion in revenue. Now, excluding CMP, we expect our revenue to grow over $500 million sequentially. Our lion's share about sequential revenue increase will be coming from data center. We do expect Gaming to be up slightly on a sequential basis, but remember, we are still supply constrained. Automotive and Pro Vis are also expected to be up slightly quarter-over-quarter. And from a CMP perspective, we'll probably just have minimal amounts in Q3. So, our Q3 results don't have seasonality with some for gaming and are really about the supply that we believe we can have for Q3.
We'll see if Jensen wants to add any more color.
Jensen Huang - Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. Thank you. Thanks for the question, Stacy. As you know, RTX is a fundamental reset of computer graphics. This is a technology coverage ratio that has been the holy grail of computer graphics for quite a long time from 35 years and research - in our NVIDIA research for 10 years, we finally made it possible to do real-time ray tracing with RTX. RTX demand is quite incredible. And as you know, we have a large installed base of PC gamers, the new end architecture called GTX based on programmable shatters that we invented some 20 years ago. And now, we reset the entire installed base and Ampere is of to just an incredible starting the best selling GPU architecture in the history of our company. And yet, we've only upgraded some 20% - less than 20% of our total installed base. So there's another 80% of the world PC gaming market that we have yet to upgrade to RTX.
Meanwhile, the number of PC gamers in the world grew substantially, still grew 20% this last year. And so I think the - a world wide beginning of our RTX transition. Meanwhile, computing graphics is expanded into so many different new markets. RTX we've known, we've always believed we reinvent the way that people do design. And we're seeing that happening right now as we speak as workstations is growing faster than ever and has achieved record revenues. And at the same time because of all of our work with cloud gaming, we announced the public clouds, cloud graphics, whether it's workstations or PC with probably gaming consoles up in the cloud. So we're seeing strong demand in PCs, in laptops, in workstations, in mobile workstations and cloud. And so, RTX is really doing great work. Our challenge there is that demand is with so much growth in supply and then as closely we'll do supply constraints.
Operator
Thank you. Next question comes from the line of Matt Ramsay of Cowen. Your line is now open.
Matt Ramsay - Cowen - Analyst
Yeah, thank you very much. Good afternoon, everybody. Before my question, Jensen, I just wanted to say congrats on the award, that's a big honor. For my question, I wanted to follow-on, on Stacy's question about supply. And Colette maybe you could give us a little bit of commentary around supply constraints in gaming in the different tiers or price tiers of your gaming cards. I'm just trying to get a better understanding as to how you guys are managing supply across the different price tiers? And I guess it translates into a question of, are the gaming ASPs that we're seeing in the October quarter guidance, are those what you would call sustainable going forward or do you feel like that mix may change as supply comes online? Thank you.
Colette Kress - Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
So, I'll start here. Thanks for the question on our overall mix as we go forward. First, our supply constraint in our gaming business is largely attributed to our desktop and notebook. That can mean a lot of different things from our components that are necessary to build so many of our products. But our mix is really important. Our mix, as we have also seen, many of our gamers very interested in our higher-end higher performance products. We will continue to see that as a driver of that overall lifts both our revenue and can lift our overall gross margins. So, there's quite a few different pieces into our supply that we have to think about, but we are going to try and make the best solutions for gamers at this time.
Operator
Thank you. Next question we have the line from C.J. Muse - your line is - from Evercore. Your line is now open.
C.J. Muse - Evercore - Analyst
Yeah. Thank you. good afternoon. I guess, a follow-up question on the supply constraints. When do you think that they'll ease and how should we think about gaming into the January quarter B2B typical seasonality, given I would assume you would continue to be supply constraint? Thank you.
Jensen Huang - Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer
Colette, if I can take it or you can, either one of them.
Colette Kress - Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Well, go ahead, Jensen. And I'll follow up if there are some other things.
Jensen Huang - Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer
Okay. We're supply constrained in graphics, and we're supply constrained in graphics while we're delivering record revenues in graphics. Cloud gaming is growing. Cloud graphics is growing. RTX made it possible for us to address the design in accretive workstations. Historically, the ray tracing and photo those images has largely been done on CPUs and for the very first time, you could actually accelerate it with NVIDIA GPUs and RTX GPUs. And so the workstation market is really doing well. The backdrop of that of course is that people are building offices in their homes. And for many of the designers and creators around the world some 20 million of them they have to create, they have to build a workstation or an office at home, as well as the one that work, because we're now working with the new one.
And meanwhile, of course RTX, which we stopped all of our consumer graphics, the few hundred million installed base, PC gamers and to operate. And so there's a whole bunch of reasons. We're achieving record revenues what was supply constraints. We have enough supply to meet our second half company growth points. We want - the next year we expect to be able to achieve our company's growth plans for next year. Meanwhile, we have and are securing pretty significant long-term supply commitments as we expand into all these different market initiatives that we've sort set ourselves up for. And so, I think - would expect it enables to a supply constrained environment for the vast majority of next year is my guess at the moment. But a lot of that has to deal with [Indecipherable] demand, it's just so great. RTX is moving once in a generation of computer - model computer graphics, not the one that has [Indecipherable] of picture graphics. And so, the invention is new pipeline working [Technical Issues].
Operator
Thank you. Next question comes from the line of Harlan Sur of JPMorgan. Your line is now open.
Harlan Sur - JPMorgan - Analyst
Good afternoon. And congratulations on the strong results outlook and execution. The Mellanox networking franchise, this has been a really strong and synergistic addition to the NVIDIA Compute portfolio. I think, kind of near-to mid-term, the team is benefiting from the transition to 200 and 400 gig networking connectivity in cloud and hyperscale. And then, I think, in addition to that, you guys are getting some good traction with the BlueField SmartNIC products. Can you just give us a sense on how the business is trending year-over-year? And do you expect continued quarter-over-quarter networking momentum into the second half of this year, especially as the cloud and hyperscalers are going to a server and capex spending cycle?
Jensen Huang - Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. I really appreciate that question. Mellanox had a solid growth quarter. And the Mellanox networking business is really growing credibly. There are three dynamics happening all at the same time. The first is the transition that we're talking about. You know that the world's data centers - hyperscale data centers are using this form of computing comp disaggregated, which basically means that single application is running on multiple servers at the same time. This is what makes it possible for them to stabilize, the more users for AI application or a service, you just have to add more service.
And so, the ease of scale out that this aggregated computing provides also puts enormous pressure on the networking. And at the Mellanox, the world's lowest latency and a high bandwidth and performance networking on the planet. And so, the ability to scale out and the ability to provisioning disaggregated applications, it was really much, much better work on Mellanox networking. So that's number one.
Number two, almost every company in the world has to be high-performance computing company. You see that the cloud service providers one after another are building effectively supercomputers. What historically was InfiniBand and Supercomputing centers, the cloud service providers have to build supercomputers themselves. And the reason for that is because of artificial intelligence in terms of these gigantic models. But the rate of growth of network sizes –AI model sizes is doubling every two months. It's doubling now every year or two years, it's doubling every two months. And so, you can imagine the size. We're now talking about training AI models that are 100 trillion parameters large. The human brain has 150-plus trillion synapses, and so - or neurons. And so that gives you a sense of the scale of AI models that people is developing.
And so, you will see supercomputers that are built out of Mellanox, InfiniBand and the high-speed networking, along with NVIDIA GPU computing in more and more cloud service providers. You're also seeing in enterprises, for used in the discovery of DRIVE. There's a digital biology revolution going on as the competition is stable. The large scale computing that we're going to do now in AI, better understand biology and better understand chemistry and bringing both of those deals into the field of information sciences. And so, you're seeing in March, [Technical Issues] in enterprises around the world as well. And so, the second dynamic has to do with our incredibly great networking, InfiniBand networking that is the high performance computing.
And the third dynamic is data center storing software. In order to orchestrate and run a data center with just a few people, essentially when the entire data centers, hundreds of thousands of servers as it is just one computer in front of you, that entire data center is software defined. And there's not a software that goes into that software-defined data center run on today's GPUs. It's the networking stack, the storage stack and now which has zero trust, the securities stack. All of that is putting enormous pressure on the available computing capacity for applications, which is ultimately what data centers are designed to do.
And so, the software defined data center needs to have a place to Triton infrastructure software and it's downloaded, offloaded, accelerated and very importantly isolated from the application plan, so that intruders cannot jump into the operating system of the [Indecipherable] data center. And so, the answer to that is BlueField. The ability to offload, accelerate and isolate the data center software infrastructure and to hurry up all of the CTOs to run what they're supposed to run, which would be application. Just about every data center in the world is moving towards a zero trust model and BlueField is just incredibly well positioned. So these three dynamics, disaggregated computing is really strong with best networking, every company needing high performance computing, and lastly, software defined data centers following zero trust. And so, these are really important dynamics. And I appreciate the opportunity to tell you all that. And this is to tell how super exciting about the prospects of NVIDIA's networking business and the importance of [Indecipherable] modern data centers.
Operator
Thank you. Next question comes from the line of Aaron Rakers of Wells Fargo. Your line is open.
Aaron Rakers - Wells Fargo Securities - Analyst
Yeah. Thanks for taking the question. I think you hit a lot of my questions around the data center in that last one. So maybe I'll just ask kind of on a P&L basis. One of the things that I see in the results and more importantly the guidance, you're now, Colette, guiding over 67% gross margin potentially. I'm curious as we move forward, how do you think about the incremental operating gross margin upside still from here and how you're thinking about the operating margin leverage for the company from here through the P&L. Thank you.
Jensen Huang - Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. Colette, let me take that and if you could just follow-up with the details, that would be great. I think, at the highest level, I really appreciate the question. At the highest level, the important thing to realize is that artificial intelligence is the single greatest technology force that the computer industry has ever seen and potentially the world has ever seen. The automation opportunities which drives productivity, which translates directly to the cost savings of the companies is enormous. And it opens up opportunities for technology and computing companies like it's never happened before.
Let me just give you some examples. The fact that we can apply so much technology to warehouse logistics, retail automation, customer call center automation is really quite unprecedented. The fact that we could automate truck driving and last-mile delivery providing an automated chauffeur, those services and benefits and products are never imaginable before. So the size of the IT industry, if you will, the industry that computer companies like ourselves are part of has expanded tremendously. And so, the thing that we want to do is to invest as smartly but as quickly as we can to go after the large operating - large business opportunities, where we can make a real impact. And in doing so - while doing so, to do so in a way that is architecturally sensible.
One of the things that is really an advantage of our company is the nature of the way that we build products, the nature of the way that we build software, our discipline around the architecture, which allows us to be so efficient while doing - while addressing climate science on the one hand, digital biology on the other, artificial intelligence and robotics and self-driving cars. And of course, we always talked about computer graphics and video games. Using one architecture and having the ability to - and having the discipline now for almost 30 years has given us incredible operating leverage. That's where the vast majority of our operating leverage comes from, which is architectural. The technology is architectural, our products are architectural in that way and the company has been built architecturally in that way. So hopefully as we go after these large, large market opportunities that AI has provided us, and we do so in a smart and disciplined way with great leverage through our architecture, we can continue to drive really great operating leverage for the company and our shareholders.
Operator
Thank you. The next question comes from the line of John Pitzer of Credit Suisse. Your line is open.
John Pitzer - Credit Suisse - Analyst
Yeah. Good afternoon, guys. Thanks for letting me ask a question. Apologize for the short-term nature of the question, but it's what I get asked most frequently. I kind of want to return to the impact of crypto with the potential impact of crypto. Colette, is there any way to kind of gauge the effectiveness of the low hash rate GeForce? Why only 80% and not 100%? And how confident are you that the CMP business being down is a reflection of crypto going off versus perhaps LHR being not that effective? And I bring it up because there's a lot of blogs out there that would suggest that as much as you guys are trying to limit the ability of miners to use GeForce, there are some work-arounds.
Jensen Huang - Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. Go ahead.
Colette Kress - Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. Let me start there and answer a couple of the questions about our strategy that we've put in place in this last couple of quarters. As you recall, what we put in place was the low hash rate cards as well as putting in the CMP cards. The low hash rate cards were to provide for more supply for our GeForce gamers that are out there. We articulated one of the metrics that we were looking is what percentage of those cards in Ampere we were able to sell with low hash cards. Almost all of our cards in Ampere are low hash rates, but also we are selling other types of cards as well. But at this time as we move forward, we're much higher than 80% but just at the end of this last quarter, we were approximately 80%. So, yes, that is moving up. So, the strategy is in place and will continue as we move into Q3.
I'll move it to Jensen here to see if he can discuss further.
Jensen Huang - Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer
There's the question about the strategy of how we're steering GeForce gaming. We moved incredibly fast with CMP and our LHR settings for GeForce. And our entire strategy is about steering GeForce products to the gamers. And we have every reason to believe that because of the DRIVE team, which is really a measure of gamers, the rate of growth of our team adoption of Ampere GPUs, there's some evidence that we are successful. But there are several reasons why it's different this time. The first reason of course is the LHR which is new and the speed at which we responded with CMP GeForce applied to gamers.
The second is, at the very beginning of the Ampere and RTX cycles. As I mentioned earlier, RTX is a completely new venture in computer graphics. Every evidence is that gamers are incredibly - and game developers are incredibly excited about ray tracing. The form of computer renderings, graphics rendering is just dramatically more beautiful. And we're at the beginning of that cycle and only 20% have been upgraded so far. So we have 80% developed in the market that is already quite large and installed base is quite large but also grown. Last year, gamers grew 20% [Indecipherable].
The third reason is that our demand is strong in our channel. And you can see that everyday with shortage of supply as quickly as we're shipping it. It's [Indecipherable] all over the world.
And then lastly, we have more growth drivers today because of RTX than ever. And we have the biggest wave of NVIDIA laptops. Just laptops is our fastest growing segment of computing and we have the largest wave of laptops coming. The demand for RTX in workstations, whereas previously the workstation market was a slow-growing market, it's now a fast growing market and has achieved records. And after more than a decade of working on cloud graphics, cloud graphics is in great demand. And so, all of these segments are seeing high demand while we continue to supply limited. And so, I think the situations are very different and RTX is making a huge difference.
Operator
Thank you. We have the next question come from the line of Chris Caso of Raymond James. Your line is now open.
Chris Caso - Raymond James - Analyst
Yes. Thank you. Good evening. My question is about the split between the hyperscale and the vertical customers in the data center business and the trends you're seeing in each. I think, in your prepared remarks you said both would be up in the October quarter. But I'm interested to see if you're seeing any differing trends there, particularly in the vertical business as perhaps business conditions normalize and companies return to the office and they adjust their spending plans accordingly.
Colette Kress - Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. So let me start out with the question and I'll let Jensen answer the tail. So far, with our data center business, with our Q2 results, our vertical industries are still quite a strong percentage. Essentially 50% of our data center business is going to our vertical industries. Our hyperscales make up the other portion of that slightly below the 50%. And then we also have our supercomputing business with a very small percentage doing quite well. As we move into Q3 as we discussed, we will see an acceleration of both our vertical industries and our hyperscalers as we move into Q3.
With that backdrop, we'll see if Jensen has additional commentary.
Jensen Huang - Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer
There's a fundamental difference in hyperscale HPC or AI versus the industrial use of HPC and AI. In the world of hyperscalers and Internet service providers, they're making recommendations on movies and songs and articles and search results and so on and so forth. And the difference in the improvement in hyper speed, the deep learning and artificial intelligence large recommender systems can provide us, they're really working for them.
In the world of industry, the reason why artificial intelligence is transformative, recognizing that most of the things I just mentioned earlier, it's not really dynamic in the world's largest industries, whether it's healthcare or logistics or transportation and retail, the vast majority of the reasons why in some of the physical sciences industries, whether it's energy or transportation as such or healthcare, the simulation of physics, the simulation of the world was not achievable using traditional first principle simulation approaches. But artificial intelligence or data-driven approaches has completely shaken that up and put it on its head.
And some examples, whether it's using artificial intelligence so that you could feed up the simulation of the prediction of the protein structure of an - or the 3D structural protein, which was recently achieved by a couple of very important networks, it's groundbreaking. And by understanding the protein structure, 3D structure, we understand it - we can better understand its function and how it would adapt to other proteins and other chemicals. And it's a fundamental step of the process in drug discovery and that has just taken a giant leap forward.
In the areas of clinical science, it is now possible to consider using data-driven approaches to create models that overcome this - not overcome but accelerate and make it possible for us to simulate much, much larger simulations of multiphysics geometry-aware simulations, which is basically climate science. These are really important fields of work that wouldn't have been possible for another decade at least.
And just as we made it possible using artificial intelligence, the realization of real-time ray tracing in every field of science, whether it's climate simulation, energy discovery, drug discovery, we're starting to see the industry recognizing that the fusion of the first-principle simulation and data-driven artificial intelligence approaches is going to get a giant leap up. And that is a second dynamic.
The other dynamic for industry is for the very first time, they could deploy AI model out to the edge to do a better job with agriculture, to do a better job with asset protection and warehouses, to do a better job with automating retail. AI is going to make it possible for all of these types of automation to finally be realized. And so, the dynamics are all very different.
That last one has to do with Edge AI, which was just made possible by putting AI right at the point of data and right at the point of action because you need to be low cost, you need to be high performance and instantly responsive. And you can't afford to stream all of the data to the cloud all the time. And so each one of them has a slightly different [Technical Issues].
Operator
Thank you. Your final question comes from the line of William Stein of Truist Securities. Your line is open.
William Stein - Truist Securities - Analyst
Great. Thanks so much for taking my question. Jensen, I'm wondering if you can talk for a moment about Omniverse. This looks like a really cool technology, but I tend to get very few questions from investors about it. But it looks to me like this could be potentially very meaningful technology for you longer-term. Can you explain perhaps what capabilities and what markets this is going after? It looks like perhaps this is going to position you very well in augmented and virtual reality, but maybe it's a sort of different market or group of markets, it's a bit confusing to us. So, if you could maybe help us understand it, it would be really appreciated. Thank you.
Jensen Huang - Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer
I really appreciate the question. And it's one of the most important things we're doing. The Omniverse, first of all, what is it? It's a simulator. It's a simulator that is physically accurate and physically based and was made possible because of two fundamental technologies we invented. One of them is of course RTX, the ability to physically simulate light behavior in the world, which is ray tracing. The second is the ability to compute or simulate the physics of - simulate the artificial intelligence behavior of engines and objects inside the world. So we have the ability now to simulate physics in a realistic way and to create an architecture that allows us to do it in the cloud, distribute in a computed way and to be able to scale it out to very large systems.
The question is, what would you do with such a thing? The simulator - simulation of virtual worlds with portals, we call them connectors, portals based on an industry standard open standard that was pioneered by Pixar. And as we mentioned earlier, we're partnering with Pixar and Apple to make it even broadly adopted - even more broadly adopted. It's called universal field description. We're basically portals or worm holes into virtual worlds. And this virtual world we're simulating, it could be a concert for consumers, it could be a theme park for consumers, [Technical Issues] in the world of industries, we could use it for simulating robots, different robots could learn how to be robots inside these virtual worlds before they're downloaded from the simulator to the real world. You can use it to simulate factories, which is one of the early versions that we done with BMW showed at GTC.
Factory of the future that is designed completely in Omniverse, simulated in Omniverse, robots trained in Omniverse with goods and materials that are original, cad data put into the factory, the logistics plan like an ERP system - this is an ERP system of physical grids and physical simulation simulated through this Omniverse world. And you could plan the entire factory in Omniverse. This entire factory now becomes what is called a visual tool. In fact, it could be a factory, it could be a stadium, it could be an airport, it could be an entire city, it could be a fleet of cars. The digital twin would allow us to simulate new algorithms, new AI, new - and optimization algorithms before we deploy it into the physical world.
And so, what is Omniverse? Well, Omniverse is going to be an overload, if you will, of virtual worlds that increasingly people call the metaverse. And if you have heard several companies talk about the metaverse. They all come from different perspectives. Some of it from a social perspective, some of it from a gaming perspective, some of it in our case from an industrial and design and engineering perspective. But the Omniverse is essentially an overlay of the Internet, an overlay of the physical world. And it's going to fuse all these different worlds together long-term. And you'll be able to - you mentioned VR and AR, you'll be able to go into the Omniverse worlds using virtual reality. And so you worm hole into the virtual world using VR. You could have an AI or an object portal into our world using augmented reality. So you could have a beautiful piece of art that you somehow purchased and belongs to you because of NT FTs and it's only enjoyed in the virtual world and you can load into the physical world with AI. So I'm fairly sure that at this point Omniverse and the metaverse is going to be a new economy that is larger than our current economy.
And we'll have to enjoy a lot of our time in the future in Omniverse and the metaverse. And we'll do a lot of work there and we'll have a lot of robots there doing a lot of our work on our behalf. And we will share these results. So, Omniverse to us is an extension of our AI strategy. It's an extension of our high-performance computing strategy. And it makes it possible for companies and industries to be able to create digital tools that simulates the physical version before they deploy it and while they operate it.
Operator
Thank you. I will now turn the call over back to Mr. Jensen Huang for closing remarks.
Jensen Huang - Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer
Thank you. We had an excellent quarter driven by surging demand for NVIDIA computing. Our premium work in accelerated computing continues to graphic computing AI enabled by NVIDIA accelerated computing, developers are creating the most impactful technologies of our time. Our Natural Language Understanding and autonomous vehicles and logistic centers to digital biology and quantum science research, a metaverse world that obeys the laws of physics.
This quarter, we announced NVIDIA Base Command and Fleet Command to develop, deploy, scale and orchestrate the AI workload that run on the NVIDIA AI Enterprise software suite. With our new Enterprise software, a wide range of NVIDIA-powered systems and global network of systems and integration partners, we can accelerate the world's largest industries as they race to benefit from the transformative power of AI.
We are thrilled to have launched NVIDIA Omniverse, a simulation platform nearly five years in the making that runs physically realistic virtual worlds and connects to other digital platforms. If you imagine engineers, designers and even autonomous machines connecting to Omniverse to create digital twins simulated worlds that help train robots, operate autonomous factories, simulate fleets and autonomous vehicles and even predict human impact on earth's climate. The future will have artificial intelligence augmenting our own and the metaverse augmenting our physical world. It will be populated by real and AI visitors and open new opportunities for artists, designers, scientists and businesses a whole new digital economy for the world emerge. Omniverse is a platform for building the metaverse vision.
We're doing some of our best work and most impactful work in our history. And I want to thank all of NVIDIA's employees for their amazing work and the exciting future we are inventing together. Thank you. See you next time.
Operator