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John Pitzer - Corporate Vice President of Investor Relations
Patrick P. Gelsinger - Chief Executive Officer
David Zinsner - Chief Financial Officer
Ross Seymore - Deutsche Bank - Analyst
Timothy Arcuri - UBS - Analyst
Vivek Arya - Bank of America - Analyst
Pierre Ferragu - New Street Research - Analyst
Joseph Moore - Morgan Stanley - Analyst
C.J. Muse - Evercore ISI - Analyst
Mark Lipacis - Jefferies - Analyst
Matt Ramsay - Cowen - Analyst
Operator
Thank you for standing by. And welcome to Intel's Third Quarter 2022 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] Now, I'd like to introduce your host for today's program, John Pitzer, Corporate Vice President of Investor Relations. Please go ahead, sir.
John Pitzer - Corporate Vice President of Investor Relations
Thank you, operator. By now, you should have received a copy of the Q3 earnings release and earnings presentation, both of which are available on our investor website intc.com. For those joining us online today, the earnings presentation is also available in our webcast window. I'm joined today by our CEO, Pat Gelsinger; and our CFO, David Zinsner. In a moment, we will hear brief comments from both, followed by a Q&A session.
Before we begin, please note that today's discussion contains forward-looking statements based on the environment as we currently see it. As such, it involves risks and uncertainties. Our press release provides more information on the specific risk factors that could cause actual results to differ materially. We've also provided both GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures this quarter, and we'll be speaking to the non-GAAP financial measures when describing our consolidated results. The earnings release and earnings presentation include full GAAP and non-GAAP reconciliations.
With that, let me turn things over to Pat.
Patrick P. Gelsinger - Chief Executive Officer
Thank you, John, and good afternoon, everyone. Despite growing economic headwinds, Q3 revenue was flat sequentially, and only modestly below the midpoint of our guidance. In June, we were one of the first companies to highlight an abrupt and pronounced slowdown in demand, which has brought and beyond our initial expectations and is now having an industry-wide impact across the electronic supply-chain. We are adjusting our Q4 outlook and we are planning for the economic uncertainty to persist into 2023.
While we are not satisfied with our results, we remain laser-focused on controlling what we can and we are pleased that our PC share stabilized in Q2 and is now showing meaningful improvement in Q3. Our server share, while not where we want it to be is tracking in-line with our expectations and we are encouraged by good execution in the quarter against our product roadmap. In addition, we are intensifying our cost-reduction and efficiency efforts and we are aggressively moving into the next phase of IDM 2.0, geared to unlocking the full potential of the IDM advantage.
This afternoon, I will focus my comments in three areas. One, the key trends and dynamics that shaped Q3 and are informing our outlook. Two, the progress we're making on IDM 2.0, including our momentum on process and product roadmaps and our recent announcement that we are implementing an internal foundry model. And three, the actions underway to drive cost-savings and efficiency gains aimed at accelerating our transformation.
Specific to trends we are seeing, along with further deterioration in consumer PC demand in Q3, enterprise demand has begun to slow. We expect PC units to decline mid to high teens to approximately 295 million units in calendar year '22. Our own Q3 results reflect a strong product portfolio with Raptor Lake building on Alder Lake's momentum, as well as working closely with customers to optimize their inventory, our market-share and business objectives. We are still shipping below PC consumption and the inventory correction continued in Q3 but not as quickly as we forecasted.
Importantly, however, PC usage remains strong, demonstrating the increased utility and value of the PC and ultimately supporting a TAM well-above pre-pandemic levels. We are targeting a calendar year '23 PC unit TAM of between 270 million and 295 million units, with a strong brand of product-line driving additional share, especially of premium ASPs. The datacenter TAM is holding up better although enterprise in China continued to show signs of weakness as to some but not all cloud customers. Across our infrastructure and industrial exposed businesses, any ex-demand was very solid though, not immune from the weakening economy.
PSG continues to be a true standout with record Q3 revenue up over 25% year-over-year. PSG backlog is robust and it continues to be an area where we are supply-chain limited. Despite the challenging business environment, we made solid progress toward our long-term transformation in Q3 and we remain fully committed to using the macro uncertainty to accelerate our efforts. Each quarter, our confidence grows in achieving our goal of five nodes in four years. On Intel 4, we are progressing towards the high-volume manufacturing and we'll tape-out the production stepping of Meteor Lake in Q4.
The first stepping of Granite Rapids is out-of-the fab, yielding well, with Intel 3 continuing to progress on-schedule. Intel 4 and 3 are our first nodes deploying EUV and will represent a major step forward in terms of transistor performance per watt and density. On Intel 20A and 18A, the first nodes to benefit from RibbonFET and PowerVia, our first internal test chips, and those are the major potential foundry customer have taped out with silicon running in the fab.
We continue to be on-track to regain transistor performance and power performance leadership by 2025. IFS is a major beneficiary of our TD progress. We are excited to welcome NVIDIA to the RAMP-C program, which enables both commercial foundry customers and the US Department of Defense to take advantage of Intel's at-scale investments in leading-edge technologies.
Since Q2, IFRS has expanded engagements to seven out of 10 largest foundry customers, coupled with consistent pipeline growth to include 35 customer test chips. In addition, IFS increased qualified opportunities by 1 billion to over 7 billion in deal value, all before we welcome the Tower team with the expected completion of the merger in Q1 '23.
On the product front, we had a busy quarter, within client, as mentioned earlier, we added to the strong Alder Lake momentum with the launch of Raptor Lake desktop in Q3, driving a more than a 40% improvement in multi thread performance, unquestioned leadership in gaming, six gigahertz out-of-the box and record-setting overclocking. We currently have over 500 OEM design-wins. We launched Intel Unison to deliver best-in industry multi-device user experience. In addition, we saw a meaningful development progress across multiple OEM designs on Intel 4 base Meteor Lake, with volume ramps in 2023. We now have all elements of the AXG portfolio in production with A770, giving our discrete graphics efforts a strong boost the.
The Flex family is building a strong pipeline of datacenter use cases and Ponte Vecchio is now production of four HPC offerings and production blades deployed for lead customers. Combined with Sapphire Rapids and Sapphire Rapids HPN, PVC is the basis for strong traction with HPC customers like Argonne National Laboratory and Germany's Leibniz Supercomputing Center. CSPs and telcos alike continue to move to software-based 5G vRAN and ORAN deployments. We announced Sapphire Rapids EE with vRAN boost for in-line acceleration of 5G and network workloads.
Edge and AI are proving a powerful combination for us with OpenVINO momentum building with customers like AAA. And we launched the Intel Geti computer vision software platform for rapid AI training, with early customers such as Braven, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals. Further evidence of our AI portfolio taking shape was seen by Red Hat announcing support for Gaudi converge.io and OpenVINO. Inspur announced Gaudi2 with Sapphire Rapids for advanced AI use cases. Amazon will be accelerating large transform models with Gaudi instances in EC2. This was also a very strong quarter for DCAI execution. Sapphire Rapids volume SKUs have now PRQ-ed for high-quality leadership product and a very strong volume ramp expected. Google gave the first preview of its C3 Instances showing Sapphire Rapids capabilities as well as our leadership IPU the E3200 or Mount Evans.
We also saw strong milestones in the next three generations of server products. Emerald Rapids is showing good progress and is on-track for calendar year '23. Granite Rapids is very healthy, running multiple operating systems across many configurations. And with Sierra Forest, our first E-core product providing world-class performance per watt, are both solidly on-track for '24. It's obvious, but worth stating, our strategy is only as good as our execution. We have been taking aggressive action to rebuild our execution engine driving execution excellence across our people, design and development and operations. In Q1, I discussed our return to OKRs and their importance to our culture.
Last quarter, I touched upon the next evolution of our Tick-tock model or Tick-tock 2 as a disciplined approach to consistent predictable product execution. This quarter, I wanted to spend a bit of time on operational excellence and discuss our recently announced IDM 2.0 acceleration office or IAO, ushering in the next phase of our IDM 2.0 strategy.
During the first phase of IDM 2.0, we aggressively focused on making the needed investments to improve our TD roadmap to regain transistor leadership and to ensure we have at-scale manufacturing capacity by building ahead on shelves. Improvements in both areas now enable us to move forward to our next set of priorities, evolving our systems business practices and culture to embrace an internal foundry model and establish a leadership cost structure. This means we will create, what I'd like to call, a new and clean API for the company by establishing consistent processes, systems and guardrails between our manufacturing teams and our business units. This will place our BUs on the same economic footing as external IFS customers and will allow our manufacturing group and BUs to be more agile, make better decisions and uncover efficiency and cost-savings. We have already identified nine different sub-categories for operational improvement that our teams will aggressively pursue.
For example, product teams will be heavily incented to drive the high-quality A0 stepping as they see the full-cost of stepping validation cycles, hot lots and capacity changes. Factories will move to rigorous capacity loading cycles, transparency of costs for loading changes, and efficiency of capital utilization, structural and variable wafer costs. In addition to establishing better incentives, this new approach will provide transparency on our financial execution allowing us to better benchmark ourselves against other foundries and drive to best-in-class performance. It will also provide improved transparency to our owners as we expect to share full internal foundry P&L in calendar year '24, ultimately allowing you to better judge how we are creating value and allocating your capital.
A key benefit of IDM 2.0 is to unlock our full financial potential by capturing multiple profit pools, not available to any one of our peers across architecture, design, wafer manufacturing, advanced packaging, supply-chain and software. These pools were only partially [Technical Issue] long-term margin targets we established at Investor Day in February. Simple math would suggest there's meaningful upside to those targets as we execute and exploit the margin stacking potential IDM 2.0 provides. Best-in-class semiconductor companies achieve gross margin in the 60s and operating margins in the 40s, and we aim to be best-in-class. This next phase of IDM 2.0 is a significant evolution in how we think and operate as a company. But just as we optimize to drive outsized returns in the IDM 1.0 era, we will optimize to achieve best-in-class returns in the IDM 2.0 era. It's what engineers do and we have the best engineers on the planet. Complementing and augmenting these efforts will be an intensified focus to reduce costs and drive efficiencies in everything we do. As we stated during Q2 earnings, we have an obligation to our owners to be good stewards of your capital.
We are responding to the current environment by taking aggressive actions to reduce costs across COGS and opex while mindfully protecting the investments needed to accelerate our transformation and ensure we are well-positioned for long-term market growth. In addition to reducing near-term costs, we have also identified structural cost reductions and efficiency drivers, which Dave will outline a bit later. In aggregate, our efforts should drive $3 billion in annual savings in the near-term and $8 billion to $10 billion by the end of 2025. Not captured in these estimates are the startup costs to support five nodes in four years, which will begin to subside beyond calendar year '26, adding an additional $2 billion in COGS savings.
Inclusive in our efforts will be steps to optimize our head count. These are difficult decisions affecting our loyal Intel family but we need to balance increased investment in areas like leadership and TD, products and capacity in Ohio and Germany, with the efficiency measures elsewhere as we drive-to have best-in-class structures.
We will also continue to use our smart capital approach to support and inform our capital spending aspirations, aggressively building ahead on shells, while aligning equipment purchases and installs with customer demand. We continue to see skips, like our partnership with Brookfield, as an innovative financial structure to more closely align fab build-out costs with fab output returns. Likewise, we see US and EU chips as vital to enable us to establish a geographically diverse and secure supply-chain for the semiconductor industry. We are confident and reaccelerating free cash flow growth and driving industry-leading free cash flow margins once we get through this period of economic uncertainty affecting the entire industry and our own elevated investments to accelerate our transformation.
Lastly. I was particularly pleased to join the Mobileye team earlier this week in New York to witness firsthand the successful completion of their IPO, especially in a difficult market. We believe that this will help unlock, mobilize full operational and financial potential, and as an additional avenue to create value for our owners. We remain committed to optimizing our value-creation efforts through portfolio honing, reallocation of resources to higher returns, higher-growth businesses, M&A, and where applicable, divestitures.
Before turning it over to Dave, I want to close by saying I continue to be heartened and impressed by the dedication and commitment of all of our employees, by far the most important owners of this great company. They are passionately committed, like me, to reestablish Intel as the dominant driver of innovation and by the opportunity to improve the lives of everyone on the planet. It was also rewarding to see that same drive and dedication in the faces of our broader developer community at Intel Innovation, the rebirth of Intel IDF in September. We are the building blocks and enabler of their vision and aspirations and it is our commitment to them to be great partners and collaborators. Our ambitions are equal by our passions and our efforts across manufacturing, design, products and foundry are well on their way to driving our transformation and creating the flywheel which is IDM 2.0.
David Zinsner - Chief Financial Officer
Thanks, Pat, and good afternoon, everyone. We had a solid third-quarter despite the macroeconomic headwinds impacting the semiconductor industry. We expect these headwinds to persist and as a result, we are lowering our expectations for the fourth-quarter. We will continue to be laser-focused on the things that we can control and use economic uncertainty to accelerate our transformation and drive cost-cutting and efficiency gains.
Moving to Q3 results. Revenue was $15.3 billion, flat sequentially and only modestly below the midpoint of our guide. Q3 revenue benefited from CCG's strength, offset by declining TAMs in DCAI and NEX. Gross margin for the quarter was 46% below our guide, but largely in-line relative to lower Q3 revenue. Q3 gross margin increased 100 basis-points sequentially on lower inventory reserves. EPS was $0.59, $0.24 above our guide, largely on lower than forecasted taxes. Adjusting for the lower tax-rate, EPS would have been $0.37, $0.02 above our guide on better expense management. Operational cash-flow for the quarter was $1 billion. Net capex for the quarter was $7.3 billion, resulting in an adjusted free cash flow of negative $6.3 billion, and we paid dividends of $1.5 billion. Our balance sheet remains strong with cash balances of $23 billion, modest leverage and a strong investment-grade credit profile.
Turning to our business unit results. CCG revenue was $8.1 billion, up 6% sequentially, driven by higher ASPs on better mix and also benefiting from our efforts to work with customers to maximize our share position ahead of Q4 price increases. CCG revenue was down 17% year-over-year as customers continue to reduce inventory and we continue to under ship demand. Demand weakness year-over-year was most pronounced in the consumer, education and small-medium business markets. Operating profit was $1.7 billion, up $570 million sequentially, and down 54% year-over-year on lower revenue, increased 10 nanometer and Intel 7 mix, and increased spending to further strengthen our product roadmap.
DCAI revenue was $4.2 billion, down 27% year-over-year on TAM reductions and continued competitive pressures even as market-share continues to track in-line with our expectations. Operating profit was $17 million below expectations and down significantly year-over-year. Profitability was impacted by lower revenue, higher advanced node startup cost and higher product cost on transition to 10 nanometer. We also continue to invest aggressively in the product roadmap. And yes, revenue was $2.3 billion, up 14% year-over-year on increased demand for 5G ethernet and edge products, partially offset by lower network Xeon demand.
In Q3, we started to see macro-driven demand softness and customer inventory management, impact NEX. Operating profit was $75 million, down 85% year-over-year due to the impact of softer demand on inventory valuation and increased roadmap investment. AXG revenue was $185 million, up 8% year-over-year on the ramp of our Blockscale products. Operating loss was $378 million, $129 million better sequentially, but $156 million worse than year-over-year due to softer demand and product readiness impacting inventory valuation, as well as increased investment to deliver the Visual Super Compute and Custom Accelerated Graphics roadmaps.
Mobileye revenue was $450 million, up $124 million from Q3 2021, primarily driven by higher demand for IQ products. Operating income was $142 million, up $15 million from Q3 2021, primarily due to higher revenue. IFS revenue was $171 million, down 2% year-over-year, driven by automotive weakness with customer citing third-party component shortages, partially offset by growth in core foundry and IMS businesses. Operating loss was $103 million versus an operating loss of $44 million in Q3 '21 on increased spending to enable our foundry growth strategy.
Turning to Q4 guidance. Given the deteriorating macro-environment and based on input from our customers, we're now guiding Q4 revenue in a range of $14 billion to $15 billion with sequential decline driven by lower CCG revenue as customers reduce inventory, lower NEX TAM, and continued DCAI headwinds. We're forecasting gross margin of 45%, a tax-rate of 14%, an EPS of $0.20 at the midpoint of revenue guidance. For Q4, adjusted free cash flow, we expect to see a meaningful sequential increase driven by working capital improvements and a $2 billion reduction in net capex, adjusting for a lower demand environment. These benefits will be partially offset by lower revenue, and as a result, we are reducing our full-year adjusted free cash flow guidance to negative $2 billion to negative $4 billion. There is also a possibility that a portion of expected capital offsets could move from Q4 to Q1, shifting the cash-flow benefit into next year. Consistent with our short-term financial model, discussed at our Investor Day in February, our continued intent is to manage adjusted free cash flow at approximately breakeven as we go through this period of accelerated and elevated investments supported by our smart capital approach and the multiple pools of capital available to finance our strategy.
Now turning to our long-term outlook and the changes we're making to transform the business. Beyond Q4, there is a high degree of macroeconomic uncertainty and it appears that the current challenging market environment will extend well into 2023, with the potential for a global recession. Further, as I discussed in Q2 earnings, it's imperative that we drive to world-class product cost and operational efficiency to achieve our long-term financial model. As Pat detailed earlier, to accelerate this transformation, we're forming the IDM 2.0 acceleration office and doubling down on our efforts to reduce costs and find efficiencies across the organization. We'll start with a focus on driving $3 billion of cost-reduction in 2023, one-third in cost-of-sales and two-thirds in operating expenses. Note that our Q3 results include GAAP restructuring charges of $664 million that reflect initial efforts to rightsize our business and deliver these savings.
In Q4, we expect to have additional restructuring charges, a similar magnitude, as we further rationalize our 2023 financial plan. Longer-term, we will execute on continued structural cost-savings and efficiency gains, which we expect to drive $8 billion to $10 billion in annual savings by the end of 2025, split roughly two-thirds in cost-of-sales and one-third in operating expense. These savings will be realized through multiple initiatives to optimize the business, including portfolio cuts, rightsizing of our support organizations, more stringent cost controls in all aspects of our spending, and improved sales and marketing efficiency. As Pat outlined, also critical to driving this transformation, is the implementation of our internal foundry operating model, dramatically increasing financial accountability and transparency, enabling all organizations to drive to world-class product cost and efficiency benchmarks.
In addition, as we emerge from five nodes in four years and slow our technology development cadence, we expect an additional approximately 200 basis-points of gross margin after 2026. We expect these efforts to provide potential upside to the financial targets we provided at the February Investor Day. This will be a multi-year journey, but as Pat said earlier, best-in-class semiconductor companies have a financial profile that includes gross margins in the 60s and operating margins in the 40s and we aim to be best-in-class. In the short-term, we will continue to manage to the opex, net capital intensity, and adjusted free cash flow guardrails established, and drive back to a gross margin percentage range of 51% to 53%, once economic conditions improve and revenue growth returns.
In closing, we remain committed to the strategy and financial model communicated at Investor Day. The compelling long-term financial opportunity of strong revenue growth across our six business units and free cash flow at 20% of revenue remains. And I believe this downturn represents an opportunity to more quickly make the transformation necessary to achieve these goals.
With that, let me turn it back over to John and get to your questions.
John Pitzer - Corporate Vice President of Investor Relations
Thank you, Dave. As we move into the Q&A session, we would ask that each participant ask one question, and where appropriate, a brief follow-up question. Operator, please go-ahead and introduce the first caller.
Operator
Certainly. [Operator Instructions] Our first question comes from the line of Ross Seymore from Deutsche Bank. Your question please.
Ross Seymore - Deutsche Bank - Analyst
Hi, guys. Thanks for letting me ask a question. You mentioned, both Dave and Pat, many times about the macroeconomic weakness likely persisting into next year. So if you're willing to talk a little bit about the puts and takes in the market. You talked about the PC market being down about 5%, Pat. But overall, from your segments, where do you see either market headwinds or tailwinds or individual Intel specific areas for market-share gains are still challenges into 2023?
Patrick P. Gelsinger - Chief Executive Officer
Yes, thank you, Ross. I'll start-off on that. Like we said, it's just a - the macroeconomic, unpredictable, tough market outlook. And inside of that, it's just hard to see any points of good news on the horizon; inflation in the US, the situation in Europe with energy and the war and in Asia. So against that backdrop, we're still looking to have economic headwinds as we go into next year. And with that in mind, obviously lowering our guide for Q4. As we think about the industry level, obviously, some of that helps to accelerate some of the rebalancing of the supply-chain, and some of that will help our business, like lowering of DDR memory costs will decrease the premiums on DDR5 make Sapphire Rapids a more compelling platform. Other areas, we still have rebalancing of the supply-chain in front of us on some of the older nodes. When we look at our business units, the PC more critical device than ever. And as Sacha [Phonetic] talked about yesterday on his earnings call, 20% more active devices usage increasing.
That said, we do expect that the TAM, as I indicated in my formal comments, is going to be a bit lower next year. We've given a range aligned with the industry. For servers, we have seen a slowdown in enterprise, and to a lesser degree in the cloud market, decreasing the TAM outlook there. We do - in our modeling, we look at that - as we're building our capacity, obviously our cost efforts have been very specific to give us flexibility for lowering the structural rate cost even as we stay true to the strategic investments that we're making and driving our transformation and disciplined cost modeling more quickly.
So it really is a challenging environment, unpredictable environment, and we're staying true to the strategy, making cost adjustments and trying to balance market outlooks as we gain share right in some segments, and we fight for share in other segments. And I was very pleased with how the team executed and improving our execution in an environment that really was quite tough. Thank you.
John Pitzer - Corporate Vice President of Investor Relations
Ross, do you have a brief follow-up?
Ross Seymore - Deutsche Bank - Analyst
Yes, just following-on to that last part that you said, Pat, about some of the areas of share gains or share losses, where do you think those will be most acute in both directions, the good and the bad.?
Patrick P. Gelsinger - Chief Executive Officer
Yes. And we'd say, we saw no - if we go to the areas we're just entering in the AXG business and IFS, so everything there is gaining share. In the NEX business, we saw our business was entirely driven by the macro and our market-share seem to have no real shift whatsoever and we continue to be a grower in that segment. In PC, we had very market-share gains this quarter, very strong product lines. So we think we're well-positioned. And in datacenter, we grew slower than the market. And as the product-line gets stronger, we will be in a position to regain share, regain ASP, obviously ramp the Sapphire Rapids. But we still see ourselves not in the position that we're gaining share yet and expect that will be the case for a couple more quarters.
John Pitzer - Corporate Vice President of Investor Relations
Thank you, Ross. Jonathan, could we have the next question please?
Operator
Certainly. Our next question comes from the line of Timothy Arcuri from UBS. Your question please.
Timothy Arcuri - UBS - Analyst
Thanks a lot. Pat, I had a question on the internal foundry. It seems sort of like the first step in basically splitting the company into an external foundry and a fabless company. Can you sort of play that out? Is that the idea? And sort of how does this create value? I guess, I mean, obviously, if you look at GlobalFoundries market cap, that's like 30% of your market cap, but how does it play-out functionally? How it creates value?
Patrick P. Gelsinger - Chief Executive Officer
Yes. Well, we definitely view that there are efficiencies for us to gain as we go to this internal foundry model where we see numerous areas in the company that were not as rigorous as we need to be. In factory loadings, where we make lots of changes to factory loadings and we would run the factories more efficiently. Our steppings are - aren't accountable, right? Through cost modeling back to the business units and thus driving the high-quality A0 steppings, and stepping changes being fully reflected internally and the cost of those will make us more efficient. Leveraging third-party IP more aggressively will make us more efficient. And the combination of that is a big piece of why we're stepping through this internal foundry model. And we expect that we're going to start giving more financial transparency that way so that you can start to see the benefits in the margins stacking, being realized, to both being a product company, as well as a fab foundry company, and that's what we're out to get with the structure that we're laying out.
That said, we think that this tight coupling of the IDM 2.0 model is a powerful value generator for us, at least in three areas. One, the technology benefits that we get have a rapid pace of technology innovation and co-optimization between product and process. Second, is the cash flows and balance sheet benefits that we get by having these internal to be able to drive the large investments required in the manufacturing networks. And third, is in the supply-chain efficiency and flexibility being able to balance across the foundry and business unit structure. So these three areas for us are ones that we see that tight coupling bringing long-term meaningful value generation to the company and to our shareholders.
But we're going to do it against the backdrop that we're going to be benchmarking ourselves against the best-in-class in each area and that transparency, right, will provide more visibility to you, our shareholders, but also drive our teams internally. And an engineering, manufacturing team, when they see benchmarks that you're holding up against them, it just unleashes energy into the future. And that's the excitement that we are working to create with this internal foundry model. And as we've launched it this quarter, we're already starting to see the roots of that permeate through our teams.
John Pitzer - Corporate Vice President of Investor Relations
Tim, do you have a brief follow-up?
Timothy Arcuri - UBS - Analyst
I do. Just quickly, I guess, just a follow-up on that. So like what's the line in the sand, Dave? I guess, it's a question more on cash-flow, what is the line in the sand? I think before you said that 2024 was going to be free cash flow neutral. Is that still the line in the sand where whatever you have to do, you'll do. You'll cut capex as much as you can to be free cash flow neutral in 2024. Is that still the free cash flow line the sand?
David Zinsner - Chief Financial Officer
Yes. I mean, we expect to manage in the near-term, while we're in this investment phase, to a kind of a neutral free cash flow over the course of '23, '24 combined. Obviously, our long-term goal is to - it's actually significantly improved cash-flow. And we still feel like the model we gave at Investor Day is the right model that we can generate 20% free cash flow as a percent of revenue. And obviously, this year, I think we showed very good discipline on the capex side. We brought our capex - I think, when we started the year, we thought capex would be in the $27 billion range on a net basis. We've adjusted that down to $21 billion but we still preserved what Pat thought was the most important things to invest in, to make sure that we are - we're ready to go as we launch new nodes, as we bring out the IFS business and gain more customer traction in that space.
And then, next year, the real protection on the cash-flow now will be around the spending reductions. We have $3 billion of spending reductions we're going out to achieve in '23. No guidance yet on capex, but I would just say the model in the near-term was to run essentially at 35% of revenue. And as Pat, I think, even mentioned on the invest - at the Investor Day, we will manage to the model and that's quite important to us. So we think we can manage both aspects of this, protect cash-flow, be smart around spending, but continue to operate our strategy and our roadmap to get to leadership on process and product to bring out these emerging businesses like the foundry business and like graphics.
John Pitzer - Corporate Vice President of Investor Relations
Tim, thank you for the question. Jonathan, could we have the next question please?
Operator
Certainly. Our next question comes from the line of Vivek Arya from Bank of America. Your question please.
Vivek Arya - Bank of America - Analyst
Thanks for taking my question. Pat, isn't it risky to plan for a 270 million to 290 million PC TAM when clearly, the market seems to be reverting back to pre-pandemic levels of 260 million or so? And since that time, before the pandemic, one large customer has moved away from x86, and there have been share shift. So what is the TAM next year is more like 250 to 260? What impact will it have on your cost and fab loading assumptions? Thank you.
Patrick P. Gelsinger - Chief Executive Officer
Yes. So first, the premise of the question. We clearly, over a number of quarters, we're above market forecast. That range that I described is exactly in-line with the various forecast, our OEM feedback, the feedback from key software providers as well. So I'd say our range is now aligned with that industry range.
Second point being, that ranges larger than and well above pre-pandemic levels at that point. It is a structurally larger market. There's lots of units out there waiting to be replaced that are aging in the footprint, clear markets that are yet to have the PC penetration. So we feel quite comfortable. And as I noted in the earlier question, PC usage is high, as seen by Microsoft and their metrics, and our product line is positioned to gain share. So somewhat independent of the size of the TAM, we have a great product line, and our product line is also and our brand is well suited with a higher margin segments of the market that have been more resilient, right, to the market effects, low-end consumers where you've seen the biggest issues and our product line is very strong. Alder Lake, Raptor Lake, stunning numbers that we're getting, and well on track with Meteor Lake.
All of that said, obviously, you have to make some assumptions as you build a factory network. And the range that we gave has a lot of room inside of it. And as we're demonstrating by the near-term cost cutting that Dave described, we're trying to build flexibility into our factory network even as we adjust the cost structure, which is largely a fixed cost structure. And obviously, as we're ramping into the next-generation products, we're building into our Intel 4 and 3 product lines and the costs associated with that even as we balance both the near term and the strategic agenda. So we feel like we're well positioned to manage in thick or thin. And against that, with a strong product line, we believe we're a share gainer in this industry, and we're going to be quite aggressive to accomplish exactly that.
John Pitzer - Corporate Vice President of Investor Relations
Vivek, do you have a quick follow-on?
Vivek Arya - Bank of America - Analyst
Yes, thanks. So maybe, Pat, just following on to that. Do you think you are shipping to demand on the PC side? Or do you still think there is a channel inventory because as we head into Q1, that is often a seasonally softer period, but again, compares are very different this year. So I was just hoping to get your perspective on what the supply-demand balance is in the PC market as it exists kind of real time? Thank you.
Patrick P. Gelsinger - Chief Executive Officer
Yes. Our belief is that we ship below consumption levels. So our - in other words, inventory levels at the OEM and in the channels decreased over the last quarter. They didn't decrease as far as we were originally predicting. So consumption was a little bit weaker, but we still saw inventories systematically going down across the various routes to market throughout the quarter. We expect them to continue to go down next quarter at both the OEMs and at the channel level. And the numbers I gave on the TAM model would be our consumption models for next year, which are below the consumption models of this year. So a somewhat smaller number for next year but not dramatically different as we already said.
So overall, I think we're getting to a better point of supply-demand equilibrium where we were way behind on demand and supply for many, many quarters in a row. Clearly, the last couple of quarters have been adjusting of inventory levels and we think that we're going to be in a better supply-demand balance situation as we go into next year.
John Pitzer - Corporate Vice President of Investor Relations
Thanks, Vivek. Jonathan, can we have the next question please?
Operator
Certainly. Our next question comes from the line of Pierre Ferragu from New Street Research. Your question please.
Pierre Ferragu - New Street Research - Analyst
Hi, good evening. Thanks for taking my question. I'd love to talk a bit about like the very ambitious like efficiency plan you've announced. And first, I'd like to understand the timing of it. The performance of Intel has been challenged in the last six months. Should we read that as a very reactive plan and you're basically [Technical Issue]
David Zinsner - Chief Financial Officer
Pierre, are you still on?
John Pitzer - Corporate Vice President of Investor Relations
Operator, I think we lost Pierre.
David Zinsner - Chief Financial Officer
Okay, I can answer that as long as we're on [Speech Overlap] Just make sure we're live.
Operator
Yes, you are.
David Zinsner - Chief Financial Officer
Okay. Thank you. So thanks for the question, Pierre. Yes. So keep in mind, as we look at this $8 billion to $10 billion of efficiency gains that we're talking about, we're actually making a pretty meaningful down payment on those efficiency gains in 2023. We expect to get $3 billion of savings from - versus '22 in '23. And keep in mind, actually, we have some fixed expenses that come on next year. So the cash savings is actually more like $5 billion of savings next year.
Now as it relates to the 8 to 10, we think as we exit the 2025 period, we'll roughly be in that $8 billion to $12 billion - or $8 billion to $10 billion range. And as Pat kind of walked through, we just think - we've already identified a lot of different efficiencies that will get us to this $8 billion, but also, as we start to manage the business in this internal foundry model, we think we'll find and cover a lot more opportunities to drive efficiency and savings. So we'll update you as we progress over the course of the next three years and let you know how we're doing in terms of our progress, but we have very good line of sight on the first $3 billion and pretty good line of sight on the full $8 billion to $10 billion.
John Pitzer - Corporate Vice President of Investor Relations
Jonathan, could we go to the next question please?
Operator
Certainly. Our next question comes from the line of Joseph Moore from Morgan Stanley. Your question please.
Joseph Moore - Morgan Stanley - Analyst
Great. Thank you. I want to come back to the internal foundry model again. Can you talk about - it's very clear how it makes your foundry business better [Technical Issue] From the standpoint of the CPU business, back when you guys were on top in process, there was a pretty clear indication that it was the alignment of the device business with the fab that was kind of creating this really good outcome. Is there any trade-off that you make with this from the standpoint, looking at it from the standpoint of the microprocessor part of the business?
Patrick P. Gelsinger - Chief Executive Officer
Yes. Thanks, Joe, and I'll start on that one. The simple answer is our job is to keep that One Intel synergy. And when I describe the three value vectors that I'm expecting to continue to really leverage around this technology collaboration, co-optimization of the microprocessor with the process technology is one that's high on that list. And we've made a lot of - actually quite a lot of progress since I've been back driving that. And we're really seeing the benefits of that.
And for instance, the great health that we described on Granite Rapids as an example of that. The momentum that we're seeing from Meteor Lake, are clear examples. So I do believe that we're well underway at keeping that rich cycle of technical collaboration and co-optimization. But there's been many of these areas that I described that there hasn't been this intense accountability. Steppings were done too easily, and without the quality, A stepping. And some of that came through are stumbles as we went with 14 and 10 nanometers, but we lost the discipline of the understanding of what steppings cost, and not just in the fab but also in the validation cycle. So we have to bring much more accountability and transparency to that.
Also, we expedited all the time. While expedites are a good thing when you're bringing a new product to marketplace, but they also create fab inefficiencies, and the results of that are we're not being accountable for the fab efficiencies, otherwise our margins will be remarkably higher than they are today. So to me, it's really maintaining the good things in the three I described; the technology benefits, balance sheet capital and the supply chain while driving a lot more transparency, automation, efficiency. And the result will be, I believe, is a much better Intel for the long term, not just for the external foundry customers, as you suggest, but for my internal customers as well.
David Zinsner - Chief Financial Officer
I would just add that we have six business units today. We measure them separately, but they actually do a very good job. In a lot of cases, they need to pull together to engage with customers, to develop products and so forth. And so I think we have a pretty good process and culture within Intel, where we can strike the right balance between creating some transparency and accountability for the internal foundry business, but also make sure that they're aligned to the overall Intel goals.
John Pitzer - Corporate Vice President of Investor Relations
Joe, do you have a quick follow-up?
Joseph Moore - Morgan Stanley - Analyst
Yes. I do. And thank you for that. That's very helpful. In terms of the accounting in 2024 around this internal foundry structure, is the goal there to sort of have a transfer price between the foundry business and the rest of it that kind of reflects the market price? Or just how - it seems like the accounting of how you're going to determine where the profits could get tricky?
David Zinsner - Chief Financial Officer
Yes, it's a good question. That's pretty much what we're thinking. I mean, we will have our own foundry business. So we'll have a good sense, I think, of the market. And so that's how we'll approach it. I would say in '23 it's going to be a somewhat light touch. We'll do this through mostly kind of spreadsheet-oriented analytics. Eventually, we - and Pat's been pretty vocal on this. We want to create more automation, systemization of everything that we're doing between the foundry and the product. So over time, this will get more robust. And ERGO [Phonetic], we'll be able to drive more accountability, I think, as we progress through - [Speech Overlap]
Patrick P. Gelsinger - Chief Executive Officer
And just to add on to that a little bit, Joe. Here - this is a case where our internal processes and systems were optimized for IDM 1.0, right? We weren't having to say what is a sustainable wafer price that we should be designing against. And we were having a wafer cost view, right, which early in a process life is very high, right? And then it gets to mature and how do design teams pick the right choice when you have such variability, whereas the foundry model gives a much more predictable wafer pricing that then enables a more efficient business unit model to pick the right technology choices to deliver the best products. So that's just one example that we're finding that we're not making the best decisions today, and this will allow us to hold the manufacturing teams to be entirely accountable. You've given a price, hit the defects, hit the cost structures associated with it and the business units, you have a wafer cost, now go build the best product against that and ramp it like crazy in the industry. And obviously, presenting those with clarity will help you as the Street understand the progress we're making to accomplish that.
John Pitzer - Corporate Vice President of Investor Relations
Thank you, Joe. Jonathan, could we have the next question please?
Operator
Certainly. Our next question comes from the line of C.J. Muse from Evercore ISI. Your question please.
C.J. Muse - Evercore ISI - Analyst
Yes, good afternoon. Thank you for taking the question. And one more question on your Intel foundry strategy. It makes perfect sense to me around the discipline and cost that you're looking to achieve here. But if I'm a business unit head, and you've been pretty clear that you're playing catch up five node migrations over the next four years. If I'm a business unit head over the next two years, why would I not outsource completely? So I guess what are the guardrails to ensure that you're keeping capacity internally until you achieve the goals that you've set out for 2025?
Patrick P. Gelsinger - Chief Executive Officer
Yes. Maybe three different perspectives on that, CJ. Obviously, most of the design decisions that are being made by my product teams now are '25, '26, '27 decisions when we're back to process leadership, right? And they're seeing that progress day to day. And just as I said, “Hey, if you want to design the best product, have the best transistor.” So they're with the capability to look now at the Intel leadership process technologies as they make those decisions.
Also, secondly, as I described, this is a tight binding and we're going to maintain that tight binding of optimization and co-optimization for relationships that are decades old between our teams, by bringing in a new discipline to the boundary between them. And the third answer is we already use external foundries. This is a process that's already pretty well established, and we're using a range of external foundries. Our design teams over the last five years or so have learned how to use external foundries. And the fact is they're interacting now with my internal foundry, many of those learnings on expectations of PDKs, design tools, IP libraries are driving the expectations for what is required to be a good internal foundry, which will make my internal foundry a better external foundry as well. So I see this as a very regenerative cycle as we unleash these energies. And ultimately, I'm the CEO across both, and we'll be making good decisions to hold both of them accountable even as we clarify the interfaces and the efficiencies between them.
John Pitzer - Corporate Vice President of Investor Relations
C.J, do you have a quick follow-up?
C.J. Muse - Evercore ISI - Analyst
Yes. Thanks, John.I guess, Dave, as you think about the strategy, how does it change capital intensity for the business, not into '23, but perhaps say, over the next five years? Is it still that 35% type of number? Or how should we be thinking about it? Thank you.
David Zinsner - Chief Financial Officer
Yes. Good question, C.J. So obviously, in this investment phase where we're catching up on node transitions of what we do, we will have a higher capex intensity, this 35%. But we do expect, as we get out of this phase, to be back down to a more normalized level of about 25% capex intensity. So there definitely will be an evolution and adjustment. And that's one of the key components of allowing us to kick up our free cash flow to this 20% of revenue level that is ultimately the model.
Patrick P. Gelsinger - Chief Executive Officer
Yes. And also just piling on to that, we also look - we always look at that through the lens of our smart capital strategy, where clearly, we're viewing both the gross CapEx, but more importantly, the net capex from your perspective and how we access other pools of capital to be able to build that out in a very financially prudent way and those other approaches, EU-US Chips Act, ITC skip give us a lot of flexibility, combined with the shell first strategy to be able to make sure we're spending the capital, the more expensive equipment capital, more timed with the market demand clarity.
John Pitzer - Corporate Vice President of Investor Relations
Thank you, C.J. Jonathan, could we have the next caller please?
Operator
Certainly. Our next question comes from the line of Mark Lipacis from Jefferies. Your question please.
Mark Lipacis - Jefferies - Analyst
Hi, thanks for taking my question. Pat, maybe for you, despite all the consolidation in the industry and the growth that Intel has seen and the larger foundries have seen, the capital intensity continued to seem to have moved higher, notwithstanding your hope that - or expectations that it's going to come back down again. So given the high levels, you can make the argument that the industry actually needs even more consolidation than it has already seen at the level of the some of the biggest players in the industry. Can you share your thoughts on how you think about the potential for this large scale - this kind of large-scale M&A or maybe joint ventures amongst the class of the leading-edge players? Or are they just - are there issues like FTC-related or national security-related that just means that thinking about that kind of consolidation or joint ventures across borders is something that just takes it off the table and maybe it's a different analysis for consolidation versus joint ventures? Thank you.
Patrick P. Gelsinger - Chief Executive Officer
Well, there's a lot packed into that question. And I would just say, I mean, I've generally said that, hey, we see this industry being a consolidating industry over time, particularly on the manufacturing side because of the extreme capital intensity, but also the incredible R&D costs, right? If you think - if you want to have a world-class technology development team, all you have to do is spend 5 billion a year in R&D and do that for 30 years, right? Now you're okay. Now you're world class, right? And these are just extraordinary long-term investments that you have to build up and operate this way. And against that, I've consistently said I expect that there will be further consolidations in the industry going forward.
Now, what shape those will take? What the timing of those will be? What will be the trigger points that would position such moves? And as you said, there's many factors associated with that in terms of regulatory, legal, financial steps associated with it. But fundamentally, economics 101, right, would say, you will see further consolidations into the future, and we believe that will be the case. And we would expect to be a consolidator in that process over time.
John Pitzer - Corporate Vice President of Investor Relations
Mark, do you have a quick follow-on?
Mark Lipacis - Jefferies - Analyst
No, that was good. Thank you, John. Thanks for that answer, Pat.
John Pitzer - Corporate Vice President of Investor Relations
Perfect. Jonathan, I think we've got time for one last question.
Operator
Certainly. And our final question for today comes from the line of Matt Ramsay from Cowen. Your question please.
Matt Ramsay - Cowen - Analyst
Thank you very much, John, for squeezing me in. Pat, I wanted to ask a question about the server roadmap. We've got some, I think, relief from some of the commentary for cloud capex during this earnings season in the last three days and particularly from Meta last night, but the rest of the big guys as well. But on the flip side, there's some rumblings that maybe there's a couple of more months before Sapphire Rapids might ramp in big volumes. So I'm just - maybe if you could help and level set us on the timing of big cloud volume of Sapphire Rapids and how that now dovetails in with the timing? It seems like you're keeping for Emerald Rapids in late '23. Thanks.
Patrick P. Gelsinger - Chief Executive Officer
Yes. Thank you. And as I indicated, Sapphire Rapids is now PRQ-ed and the ramp is underway. We are ramping the product as we speak, strong customer demand. We expect this will be our fastest ever Xeon to a million units, and we're going to push that quite aggressively, and the factories are ramping up as we speak. Obviously, this is good news for that business competitively, a big ASP uptick as well on the product. So lots of good things come. Also, we had a particularly good quarter on the execution front, not just Sapphire Rapids PRQ but great health on Granite Rapids, Emerald Rapids looking very good, Sierra Forest. So the next three generation products are all making very good milestones.
And I really feel like the worst of our execution is behind us and we're really starting to see some enthusiasm, momentum, excitement building in those teams as they turn the corner on these products. We do think, as I said in the formal - that the market is softer, right, on the enterprise side and somewhat on the cloud side as you are reinforced by some of the other comments from others. That said, as we ramp these products, it's all about having the best product to gain share, to gain ASP, to improve the margins of the business. And we now feel like our portfolio is taking share or taking shape to accomplish exactly that. And we're going to be aggressive. We're going to fight for every socket. This is a game where we have to reestablish ourselves in the marketplace and now we're starting to have the product line to do that. And that's exactly what you'll see.
In addition to that, we're also building out our software assets to have an increased value proposition. And one of those is, for instance, with Sierra. Sapphire Rapids is the market improvements in AI, but even more importantly, in security. And with our security services and capabilities, very differentiated areas like confidential computing are gaining quite a lot of interest in the industry for not just enterprise, but cloud customers as well. So a lot of things going on there, but overall, we feel like our momentum is being reestablished in this critical, critical area of our business and one that we know has a lot of attention from you all in the community.
John Pitzer - Corporate Vice President of Investor Relations
Matt, do you have a quick follow-on?
Matt Ramsay - Cowen - Analyst
Yes, John, thank you. And thanks for that, One thing that piqued my interest, Pat, in your prepared script was - I mean there's a lot of discussion of the five nodes in four years and halfway through that transition is 20A with RibbonFET or gate all around. So you guys are going to need to go through that jump, your competition as well. And you mentioned, I think, some tape-outs of your own stuff but also some tape-outs of potential external foundry customers on 20A that seemed, I don't know, from the language used, kind of meaningful. So if you could give us a status report there on sort of the gate all-around RibbonFET progress you see versus competition? And is this external customer really significant? Thank you.
Patrick P. Gelsinger - Chief Executive Officer
Yes. Thank you. And on 20A and 18A, they go to RibbonFET, as you say. And Intel has driven every major transistor, right, in the volume production for the last 35 years. So the idea that we're the ones who are going to drive this major new transistor structure into production is something that we're pretty committed to be a driver for. 20A, as you said, on track, on schedule. We expect 20A will primarily be an internal node, not one that we have a lot of external foundry customers for. The external foundry chipset or tape-outs are largely associated with 18A. And a very typical process for a foundry customer will be, “Give me a test chip of my circuits on your process,” and that's exactly what we taped out the first one this quarter. We'll have several more in the pipeline.
So now we're taping out not only our test chips for 18A, but our foundry customer test chips for 18A, and that's a pretty critical milestone when they see the results of the silicon for them making a volume decision for a foundry customer. So we're exactly on the timeline that I described earlier for those tape-outs and those decisions. So as they start to see the silicon results, which we think are going to be very promising we think that will be a key step for them making major foundry decisions.
And overall, this just affirms our five nodes in four years. We're making the investments. We're seeing good progress to get back to process technology, leadership, which for Intel is a tide that raises all boats in the company. It makes our products better. It establishes our new business areas, positions us in a very profound way for foundry [Technical Issue] economic environment. Macro, very challenged, but we're happy with the execution progress we made even though we're not happy with the reported results. And we know we have a lot more work to do there. It was also thrilling to participate with the Mobileye IPO in a tough market with very good results. We're prepared for the economic headwinds. We're making the necessary adjustments structurally as well as through our cost model to go through them. And we remain fully committed to being a value generator for our shareholders for the long term as we execute our 2.0, and we believe that that will be a great result for our owners for the long term. Thank you for joining us for the call today and look forward to our update next quarter.
Operator